Motorcycle history

BMW’s opposed engine and transmission unit in an R 32.

Pre-1921

BMW began as an aircraft engine manufacturer before World War I. With the Armistice, the Treaty of Versailles banned the German air force so the company turned to making air brakes, industrial engines, agricultural machinery, toolboxes and office furniture and then to motorcycles and cars.

The origin of the BMW roundel

The circular blue and white BMW logo or roundel is often alleged to portray the movement of an aircraft propeller, an interpretation that BMW adopted for convenience in 1929, which was actually twelve years after the roundel was created. In fact, the emblem evolved from the circular Rapp Motorenwerke company logo, from which the BMW company grew. The Rapp logo was combined with the blue and white colors of the flag of Bavaria to produce the BMW roundel so familiar today.

19211945

1939 BMW R 35

BMW Sahara, Poland 1944

In 1921, BMW began its long association with a 1886 German invention known to Germans as the boxermoter (see Karl Benz and flat engines). However, the first BMW motorcycle engine seems to have been copied by Max Friz, BMW’s famous chief designer, in four weeks from a British Douglas design.[citation needed] This 19211922 M2B15 boxer was manufactured by BMW for use as a portable industrial engine, but was largely used by motorcycle manufacturers, notably Victoria of Nuremberg, and in the Helios motorcycle made by Bayerische Flugzeugwerke. Friz was also working on car engines.[citation needed] The boxer design in a motorcycle is firmly linked to BMW, but has been used (not always in volume) by a number of other companies worldwide, including Honda in their Gold Wing from 1975 to the present.

BMW merged with Bayerische Flugzeugwerke in 1922, inheriting from them the Helios motorcycle and a small two-stroke motorized bicycle called the Flink. In 1923, BMW’s first “across the frame” version of the boxer engine was designed by Friz. The R32 had a 486 cc engine with 8.5 hp (6.3 kW) and a top speed of 95100 km/h (60 mph). The engine and gearbox formed a bolt-up single unit. At a time when many motorcycle manufacturers used total-loss oiling systems, the new BMW engine featured a recirculating wet sump oiling system with a drip feed to roller bearings. This system was used by BMW until 1969, when they adopted the “high-pressure oil” system based on shell bearings and tight clearances, still in use today.

The R32 became the foundation for all future boxer-powered BMW motorcycles. BMW oriented the boxer engine with the cylinder heads projecting out on each side for cooling as did the earlier British ABC. Other motorcycle manufacturers aligned the cylinders with the frame, one cylinder facing towards the front wheel and the other towards the back wheel. For example, Harley-Davidson introduced the Model W, a flat twin oriented fore and aft design, in 1919 and built them until 1923.

The R32 also incorporated shaft drive. BMW continued to use shaft drive in all of its motorcycles until the introduction of the F650 in 1994 and the F800 series in 2006, which featured either chain drive or a belt drive system.

In 1937, Ernst Henne rode a supercharged 500 cc overhead camshaft BMW 173.88 mph (279.83 km/h), setting a world record that stood for 14 years.

During World War II the Wehrmacht needed as many vehicles as it could get of all types and many other German companies were asked to build motorcycles. The BMW R75, a copy of a Zndapp KS750, performed particularly well in the harsh operating environment of the North African campaign. Motorcycles of every style had performed acceptably well in Europe, but in the desert the protruding cylinders of the flat-twin engine performed better than configurations which overheated in the sun, and shaft drives performed better than chain-drives which were damaged by desert grit.

So successful were the BMWs as war-machines that the U.S. Army asked Harley-Davidson, Indian and Delco to produce a motorcycle similar to the side-valve BMW R71. Harley copied the BMW engine and transmission simply converting metric measurements to inches and produced the shaft-drive 750 cc 1942 Harley-Davidson XA.

19451955

Tank roundel with Serif typeface

BMW R35, built in East Germany after World War II

The first postwar West German BMW, an original condition 1948 250 cc BMW R24

1954 500 cc BMW R51/3

1967 BMW R60/2 with 26 l (5.7 imp gal; 6.9 US gal) tank and large dual saddle

1969 R69US with telescopic forks

1964 250cc BMW R27, the last BMW shaft-driven single

1973 BMW R75/5 LWB

The end of World War II found BMW in ruins. Its plant outside of Munich was destroyed by Allied bombing. The Eisenach facility was not. It was dismantled by the Soviets as reparations and sent back to the Soviet Union where it was reassembled in Irbit to make IMZ-Ural motorcycles as is commonly alleged. The IMZ plant was supplied to the Soviets by BMW under license prior to the commencement of the Great Patriotic War. After the war the terms of Germany’s surrender forbade BMW from manufacturing motorcycles. Most of BMW’s brightest engineers were taken to the US and the Soviet Union to continue their work on jet engines which BMW produced during the war.

When the ban on the production of motorcycles was lifted in Allied controlled Western Germany, BMW had to start from scratch. There were no plans, blueprints, or schematic drawings because they were all in Eisenach. Company engineers had to use surviving pre-war motorcycles to copy the bikes. The first post-war BMW motorcycle in Western Germany, a 250 cc R24, was produced in 1948. The R24 was based on the pre-war R23, and was the only postwar West German BMW with no rear suspension. In 1949, BMW produced 9,200 units and by 1950 production surpassed 17,000 units.

BMW boxer twins manufactured from 1950 to 1956 included the 500 cc models R51/2 and 24 hp (18 kW) R51/3, the 600 cc models 26 hp (19 kW) R67, 28 hp (21 kW) R67/2, and R67/3, and the sporting 35 hp (26 kW) 600 cc model R68. All these models came with plunger rear suspensions, telescopic front forks, and chromed, exposed drive shafts. Except for the R68, all these twins came with “bell-bottom” front fenders and front stands.

The situation was very different in Soviet-controlled Eastern Germany where BMW’s sole motorcycle plant in Eisenach was producing R35 and a handful of R75 motorcycles for reparations. This resulted in one BMW motorcycle plant existing in Eisenach between 1945 and 1948 and two motorcycle companies existing between 1948 and 1952. One was a BMW in Munich in Western Germany (later the German Federal Republic) and the other in Soviet controlled Eisenach, Eastern Germany (later the German Democratic Republic), both using the BMW name. Eventually in 1952. after the Soviets ceded control of the plant to the East German Government, and following a trademark lawsuit, this plant was renamed EMW (Eisenacher Motoren Werke). Instead of BMW’s blue-and-white roundel, EMW used a very similar red-and-white roundel as its logo. No motorcycles made in East Germany after World War II were manufactured under the authority of BMW in Munich as there was no need for an occupying power to gain such authority. After the collapse of the Iron Curtain many EMW models have made their way to the USA. Sometimes it is found that owners of these EMW motorcycles have replaced EMW roundels with BMW roundels in an effort to pass them off as BMW models.[citation needed] It is possible to find find restored R35 motorcycles today parts of which are EMW and parts of which are BMW as many parts are interchangeable, making authentic identification quite difficult because all BMW R35 motorcycles were produced in Eisenach until 1952, when they became EMW.

19551969

As the 1950s progressed, motorcycle sales plummeted. In 1957, three of BMW’s major German competitors went out of business. In 1954, BMW produced 30,000 motorcycles. By 1957, that number was less than 5,500. However, by the late 1950s, BMW exported 85% of its boxer twin powered motorcycles to the United States.[citation needed] At that time, Butler & Smith, Inc. was the exclusive U.S. importer of BMW.

In 1955, BMW began introducing a new range of motorcycles with Earles forks and enclosed drive shafts. These were the 26 hp (19 kW) 500 cc R50, the 30 hp (22 kW) 600 cc R60, and the 35 hp (26 kW) sporting 600 cc R69.

On June 8, 1959, John Penton rode a BMW R69 from New York to Los Angeles in 53 hours and 11 minutes, slashing over 24 hours from the previous record of 77 hours and 53 minutes set by Earl Robinson on a 45 cubic inch (740 cc) Harley-Davidson.

Although U.S. sales of BMW motorcycles were strong, BMW was in financial trouble. Through the combination of selling off its aircraft engine division and obtaining financing with the help of Herbert Quandt, BMW was able to survive. The turnaround was thanks in part to the increasing success of BMW’s automotive division. Since the beginnings of its motorcycle manufacturing, BMW periodically introduced single-cylinder models. In 1967, BMW offered the last of these, the R27. Most of BMW’s offerings were still designed to be used with sidecars. By this time sidecars were no longer a consideration of most riders; people were interested in sportier motorcycles.

The 26 hp (19 kW) R50/2, 30 hp (22 kW) R60/2, and 42 hp (31 kW) R69S marked the end of sidecar-capable BMWs. Of this era, the R69S remains the most desirable example of the dubbed “/2″ (“slash-two”) series because of significantly greater engine power than other models, among other features unique to this design.

For the 1968 and 1969 model years only, BMW exported into the United States three “US” models. These were the R50US, the R60US, and the R69US. On these motorcycles, there were no sidecar lugs attached to the frame and the front forks were telescopic forks, which were later used worldwide on the slash-5 series of 1970 through 1973. Earles-fork models were sold simultaneously in the United States as buyers had their choice of front suspensions.

19701982

In 1970, BMW introduced an entirely revamped product line of 500 cc, 600 cc and 750 cc displacement models, the R50/5, R60/5 and R75/5 respectively and came with the “US” telescopic forks noted above. The engines were a complete redesign from the older models, producing more power and including electric starting (although the kick-starting feature was still included). Part way through the 1973 model year, a long wheel base (LWB) was added to correct some earlier handling problems. These models are popularly called 1973 models. Most models were came with large 6-gallon tanks, but some came with 4-gallon tanks. These are called “toaster” models because of the tank’s resemblance to a kitchen toaster.

The “/5″ models were short-lived, however, being replaced by another new product line in 1974. In that year the 500 cc model was deleted from the lineup and an even bigger 900 cc model was introduced, along with improvements to the electrical system and frame geometry. These models were the R60/6, R75/6 and the R90/6. In 1975, the kick starter was finally eliminated and a supersport model, the BMW R90S, was introduced. In addition to “/” or “slash” models, other Airhead models such as the G/S (later, GS) and ST also have dedicated followings within BMW circles, while others favor certain earlier models like /5 “toasters.” Each has its merits which owners will freely debate with enthusiasm. Later BMW model types such as K-bikes (1983 on) and oilheads (1993 on) included technical innovations that made them more complicated though many owners still elect to service them personally.

1994 BMW R100RT

In 1977, the product line moved on to the “/7″ models. The R80/7 was added to the line. The R90 (898 cc) models, “/6″ and R90S models had their displacement increased to 1,000 cc; replaced by the R100/7 and the R100S, respectively. These were the first liter size (1,000 cc) machines produced by BMW. 1977 was a banner year with the introduction of the first BMW production motorcycle featuring a full fairing, the R100RS. This sleek model, designed through wind-tunnel testing, produced 70 hp (51 kW) and had a top speed of 200 km/h (124 mph). In 1978, the R100RT was introduced into the lineup for the 1979 model year, as the first “full-dress” tourer, designed to compete in this market with the forthcoming Honda Gold Wing.

In 1979, the R60 was replaced with the 650 cc R65, an entry-level motorcycle with 48 hp (36 kW) that had its very own frame design. Due to its smaller size and better geometrics, front and rear 18-inch (460 mm) wheels and a very light flywheel, was an incredibly well-handling bike that could easily keep up and even run away from its larger brothers when in proper hands on sinuous roads. BMW added a variant in 1982: the R65LS, a “sportier” model with a one-fourth fairing, double front disc brakes, stiffer suspension and different carburettors that added 5 hp (4 kW). A short stroke version of the R65, the 450 cc R45 appeared in some markets.[citation needed]

19832003

1986 BMW K100RS

BMW R1200C cruiser

1993 BMW K1100RS with aftermarket Hagon rear shock

1996-2004 BMW K1200RS

BMW R1150RT

In early 1983, BMW introduced a 1,000 cc, in-line four-cylinder, water-cooled engine to the European market, the K100. The K series comes with a simplified and distinctive rear suspension, a single-sided swingarm. (In 1985 the traditionally powered boxer R80RT touring bike received this monolever rear suspension system and in 1987 the R100RT got it).

In 1985, BMW came a 750 cc three-cylinder version, this one smoothed with another first, a counterbalance shaft.

In 1986, BMW introduced an electrically adjustable windshield on the K100LT.

In 1988, BMW introduced ABS on its motorcycles. ABS became standard on all BMW K models. In 1993 ABS was first introduced on BMW’s boxer line on the R1100RS. It has since become available as an option on the rest of BMW’s motorcycle range.

In 1989, BMW introduced its version of a full-fairing sport bike, the K1. It was based upon the K100 engine, but now with four valves per cylinder. Output was near 100 hp (75 kW).

In 1995, BMW ceased production of airhead 2-valve engines and moved its boxer engined line completely over to the 4-valve oilhead system first introduced in 1993.

During this period, BMW introduced a number of motorcycles including:

R Series (airheads) – R65GS, R80GS, R100GS,

R Series (oilheads) – R850R/GS/C, R1100R/RS/RT/GS/S, R1150R/RS/RT/GS/S, R1200C

F Series – F650 Funduro, F650ST Strada, F650GS, F650GS Dakar, F650CS Scarver

K Series – K1, K100, K100RS, K100RT, K75, K75C, K75S, K75RT, K1100RS, K1100LT, K1200RS, K1200LT, K1200GT.

The R1200C, produced from 1997 to 2004, was BMW Motorcycles only entry into the Cruiser market.

Since 2004

K series

On 25 September 2004, BMW globally launched a radically redesigned K Series motorcycle, the K1200S, containing an all new in-line four-cylinder, liquid-cooled engine featuring 123 kW (165 hp). The K1200S was primarily designed as a Super Sport motorcycle, albeit larger and heavier than the closest Japanese competitors. Shortly after the launch of the K1200S, problems were discovered with the new power plant leading to a recall until the beginning of 2005, when corrective changes were put in place. Recently, a K1200S set a land speed record for production bikes in its class at the Bonneville Salt Flats, exceeding 174 mph (280 km/h).

In the years after the launch of K1200S, BMW has also launched the K1200R naked roadster, and the K1200GT sport tourer, which started to appear in dealer showrooms in spring (March-June) 2006. All three new K-Series motorcycles are based on the new in-line four-cylinder engine, with slightly varying degrees of power. In 2007, BMW added the K1200R Sport, a semi-faired sport touring version of the K1200R.

In October 2008, BMW launched three new 1,300 cc K-series models: the K1300R, K1300S and K1300GT. The K1300 models feature increased in engine capacity of 136 cc, an increase in power to 175 hp (130 kW) and a new exhaust system.

Two BMW R1200GS

R series

In 2004, bikes with the opposed-twin cylinder “boxer” engine were also revamped. The new boxer displacement is just under 1,200 cc, and is affectionately referred to a “hexhead” because of the shape of the cylinder cover. The motor itself is more powerful, and all of the motorcycles that use it are lighter.

The first motorcycle to be launched with this updated engine was the R1200GS dual-purpose motorcycle. The R1200RT tourer and R1200ST sports tourer followed shortly behind. BMW then introduced the 175 kg (390 lb), 105 kW (141 hp) HP2 Enduro, and the 223 kg (490 lb), 100 hp (75 kW) R1200GS Adventure, each specifically targeting the off-road and adventure-touring motorcycle segment, respectively. In 2007, the HP2 Enduro was joined by the road-biased HP2 Megamoto fitted with smaller alloy wheels and street tyres.

In 2006, BMW launched the R1200S, which is rated at 90 kW (121 hp) @ 8,250 rpm.

F 800S

F series

BMW has also paid attention to the F Series in 2006. It lowered the price on the existing F650&GS; and F650GS Dakar, and eliminated the F650CS to make room in the lineup for the all-new F800 Series. The new motorcycles are powered by a parallel twin engine, built by Rotax. They feature either a belt drive system, similar to the belt drive found on the now defunct F650CS, or chain drive. Initially, BMW launched two models of the new F800 Series, the F800S sport bike and the F800ST sport tourer; these were followed by F650GS and F800GS dual-purpose motorcycles, both of which use the 798 cc engine despite the different names.

G650 Xchallenge enduro

G series

In October 2006, BMW announced the G series of offroad style motorcycles co-developed with Aprilia. These are equipped with an uprated single cylinder water cooled 652 cc fuel injected engine producing 53 hp (40 kW), similar to the one fitted to the single-cylinder F650GS, and are equipped with chain drive. There are three models in the series, all produced for BMW by Aprilia in their North Italian Scorz Plant, each focused on a slightly different market:

G650 Xchallenge hard enduro featuring 21 inch front and 18 inch rear spoked wheels

G650 Xcountry scrambler / adventure sports featuring 19 inch front and 17 inch rear spoked wheels

G650 Xmoto street moto / supermoto featuring 17 inch cast alloy wheels

In some markets the single cylinder F650GS has been rebranded as the G650GS.

HP2 Series

First was the the 175 kg (390 lb), 105 kW (141 hp) HP2 Enduro, followed by the road-biased HP2 Megamoto fitted with smaller alloy wheels and street tyres in 2007.

In April 2007, BMW announced its return to competitive road racing, entering a factory team with a “Sport Boxer” version of the R1200S to four 24-hour endurance races.. In 2008 they released this as the HP2 Sport.

S1000RR

Main article: BMW S1000RR

The S1000RR is a super bike launched to compete in the 2009 Superbike World Championship. It is powered by a 999 cc (61 cu in) inline-four engine producing 193 bhp (144 kW).

Husqvarna acquisition

In July 2007, it was announced that BMW had signed a contract to acquire Husqvarna Motorcycles, including its production facilities and staff, from Italian manufacturer MV Agusta.

Engine types

There are currently four lines of BMW motorcycles:

F & G series singles

F series twins

R series

K series

The series differ primarily in the class of engine that each uses.

F and G series singles

The F Series of single cylinder BMW motorcycles was first launched in 1994, as the F650, and was built by Aprilia around a carbureted 650 cc four-stroke, four valve, single piston engine, and chain drive. The mission for the F 650 was to provide an entry level BMW motorcycle. In 2000, the F650 was redesigned, now with fuel injection, and labeled the F650GS. An off-road focused F650 Dakar model was also launched that year. 2002 saw the addition of the F650CS ‘Scarver’ motorcycle to the line up. The Scarver was different from the F650GS variants in that it utilized a belt drive system opposed to a chain, had a much lower seat height, and was intended for on-road use. All F650 motorcycles produced from 2000 to 2007 used a 652 cc engine built in Austria by Rotax and were built by BMW in Berlin.

In late 2006, the G series of offroad biased bikes motorcycles was launched using the same 652 cc engine fitted to the F650GS, although that engine is no longer manufactured by Rotax.

In November 2007, the G450X sport enduro motorcycle was launched using a 450 cc single cylinder engine. The G450X contained several technological improvements over the Japanese off road racing motorcycles but the most unique and significant was the use of a single pivot point for the drive sprocket and the swing arm. This unusual configuration allowed for a very tense drive chain with no slop and eliminated acceleration squat. The former benefit saves on chain and sprocket wear and the later allows for a more consistent drive geometry and fully available rear suspension travel during heavy acceleration.

F series twins

In mid 2006, The F Series added two new motorcycles to the lineup, the F800S sports bike and F800ST sports tourer, both which use an 798 cc parallel-twin engine built by Rotax. Both motorcycles also feature a belt drive system similar to what was in use on the F650S. In 2007 the single cylinder F650GS was replaced with the twin cylinder F800GS and F650GS models. The latter uses a de-tuned version of the 798 cc engine fitted to the F800GS, marking a departure from BMW’s naming convention.

R series

Four different BMW valve covers.

1954 R68′s two-fin valve cover

The R series are built around a horizontally opposed flat-twin boxer engine. As the engine is mounted with a longitudinal crankshaft, the cylinder heads protrude well beyond the sides of the frame, making the R series motorcycles visually distinctive. Originally, R series bikes had air-cooled heads (“air heads”), but are now produced only with oil-cooled heads (“oilheads” and “hexheads”).

Photo of Four different BMW “heads”: How do you tell the different BMW valve covers (“heads”) since 1970 apart? The “airhead” cover on a 1973 R75/5 is upper left. The first “oilhead” cover, introduced in model year 1993 in Europe and 1994 in the US, is upper right. The “oilhead” cover on an R1150RT, with two spark plugs per cylinder, is lower left. The latest “hexhead” cover, with an optional valve cover protector, on an R1200RT, is lower right.

Photo of Pre-1970 valve cover: A common valve cover from 19521969 on models R50, R60, R50/2, R60/2, R51/3, R67, R67/2, R67/3 had six fins. The R50S, R68, R69, and R69S of this period had two-fin valve covers.

K series

The K series BMW’s have water cooled engines of three (K75) or four (K100, K1100, K1200, K1300) cylinders. Until 2005, although currently in use on the K1200LT, the engine was longitudinal, laid out on its left side with the cylinder heads on the left and the crankshaft on the right. It is called the “Flying Brick” because of the appearance of this layout. Sales did not meet BMW’s expectations, and production ceased with the 1993 model. By the end of the K series’ run, 6,921 units had been produced. In 2004, BMW introduced a new 4-cylinder water cooled engine that transverses the chasis and is tilted forward 55 degrees. The BMW K75, three-cylinder, models were produced from 1985 to 1996.

BMW K100 motorcycle engine circa 1986

BMW 2004 K 1200GT, style produced only two years

The first K-series production bike was the K100, which was introduced in the 1983. It was followed by the K100RS in 1983, the K100RT in 1984, and the K100LT in 1986. In 1987, the K100 (Mark II) was introduced with ABS brakes, the first ever on a motorcycle. In 1988 and until 1993, BMW produced the K1, a full faring version of the K 100 with the new paralever style rear suspension. It had the Bosch Motronic fuel injection system. Initially it cost 20,200 DM. Only 6,900 were produced.

In 1985, the K75, three cylinder, was introduced. The K75C was the first model with this new engine. It was followed by the K75S, the K75, and the touring version K75RT. The last year of production of the K75 motorcycles was 1996.

In 1991 BMW increased the displacement of the K 100 from 987 cc, and the model designation became the K1100 (1097 cc). The K1100LT was the first with the new engine displacement. In 1992, the K1100RS was introduced, ending the 8 year of production of the K100 models. In 1998 BMW increased the size again to 1170 cc. This upgraded flat four engine appeared in the K1200RS. In 2003, the fully-faired K1200GT, equipped with hard side cases and larger screen with electric height adjustment. The chasis of the K1200RS was extended and strengthened for BMW’s luxury touring model the K1200LT, which is still in production in 2009.

The later K1200 engine is a 1157 cc transverse inline four, announced in 2003 and first seen in the 2005 K1200S. The new engine generates a healthy 123 kW (165 hp) but the most striking detail, both visually, and on paper, is its 55 degree forward tilt and 43 cm (17 in) width, giving the bikes a very low center of mass without reducing maximum lean angles. The transverse K1200 engine is used in K1200S, R, R Sport and GT.

In October 2008, BMW announced the new K1300GT, K1300S and K1300R models, all of which feature a larger capacity 1293 cc engine producing up to 175 hp (130 kW). The new engine produces maximum power output 1,000 RPM lower than the previous engine, produces more torque due in part butterfly flap fitted in the exhaust.

Model designation

BMW motorcycles are named according to a three-part code made up of the engine type, approximate engine volume, and styling information (e.g., sport, sport touring, luxury touring, etc.). The three parts are separated by blanks.

Engine type

R – boxer engine, horizontally opposed flat twin cylinder

K – in-line 3 or 4 cylinder water-cooled engine

F & G – single or twin vertical cylinder water-cooled engine

Engine displacement in cc

Current models: 1300, 1200, 900, 800, 650 and 450. Previous models included 850, 1100, and 1150.

Older model BMWs divide the approximate engine displacement by ten for the model number. For example, K75 = approx 750 cc.

R1200RT-P police “motor”

Styling suffix designations:

C – Cruiser

CS – Classic Sport

G/S – Gelnde/Strasse Off-road/Street

GS – Gelnde Sport Off-road Sport (Enduro)

GT – Gran Turismo or Grand Touring

LT – Luxus Tourer (Luxury Tourer)

R – Road or Roadster – typically naked

RS – Reise Sport (Travel Sport)

RT – Reise Tourer (Travel Tourer)

S – Sport

ST – Strasse (Street) or Sport Tourer

T – Touring

Additionally, a bike may have the following modifiers in its name:

A – ABS

L – luxury

P – police

C – custom

PD – Paris Dakar

Examples: K1200S, R1200RT, F650GS, R1150RSL, K1200LT, K1200LT-C, R1200RT-P, R1200RSA.

Prior to the introduction of the K100 series and the R1100 series motorcycles, the letter prefix was always the same, and the numbers were either based on displacement, as mentioned above, or were just model numbers.

Technologies

BMW is a world leader in successfully innovating motorcycle suspension technologies.

Single-sided rear suspension

The first BMW monolever suspensions appeared in 1980 on the then-new R80G/S range. It had a single universal joint immediately behind the engine/gear-box unit. This system was later included on updated versions of the K & R Series.

Paralever

Paralever is a further advance in BMW’s single-sided rear suspension technology (photo right). It decouples torque reaction as the suspension compresses and extends, avoiding the tendency to squat under braking and reducing tyre chatter on the road surface. It was introduced in 1988 R80GS and R100GS motorcycles.

BMW’s revised, inverted Paralever on an R1200GS Adventure.

In 2005, along with the introduction of the “hexhead”, BMW inverted the Paralever and moved the torque arm from the bottom to the top of the drive shaft housing (photo right). This reduces underhang of components and tends to increase ground clearance in right lean.

It is believed[by whom?] that the term Paralever was developed due to the appearance of a parallelogram shape between the four items making up the rear suspension (rear drive, drive shaft, transmission, and lower or upper brace). Other motorcycle manufacturers have patented versions of this system, including Arturo Magni for MV Agusta and Moto Guzzi’s Compact Reactive Shaft Drive.

Telescopic front fork

In 1935, BMW became the first manufacturer to fit a hydraulically damped telescopic fork to its motorcycles.[citation needed] Nimbus of Denmark had been fitting telescopic forks since 1934, but its version was undamped until 1939.[citation needed] BMW still uses telescopic forks today on its F-series, G-series and HP motorcycles. The R-series and K-series use the Telelever and the Duolever front suspensions.

Earles front fork

Englishman Ernest Earles designed a unique triangulated fork that resists the side-forces introduced by sidecars (unlike telescopic forks). BMW fitted the Earles fork to all its models for 14 years from 1955. In the event, this was the year that use of sidecars peaked and quickly fell off in most European markets (eg the UK) but the Earles fork system was well-liked by solo riders too. It causes the front end of the motorcycle to rise under braking the reverse of the action of a telescopic fork. The mechanical strength of this design sometimes proved to be a weakness to the rest of the motorcycle, since it transfers impact pressure to the frame where damage is more difficult and expensive to correct.

Telelever front fork

BMW’s Telelever front suspension on a R1150R.

The Telelever system was developed by Saxon-Motodd in Britain in the early 1980s. The Telelever is a unique front fork, where the shock absorber is located between and behind the two primary tubes attached to a telelever arm.

This system both lowers unsprung weight as well as decouples wheel placement function of the forks from the shock absorption function – eliminating brake dive and providing superior traction during hard-braking situations. This system improves comfort and stability considerably while providing excellent and sporty handling.

In the photo to the left you can see the Telelever suspension unit. The two fork tubes provide no damping or suspension. The front of the light gray “A-arm” can be seen reaching forward from the side of the engine to the (hidden) cross brace between the fork tubes.

Duolever

The top of the Duolever suspension

In 2004, BMW announced the K1200S, incorporating a new front suspension based upon a design by Norman Hossack. BMW recognised this fact but paid Hossack no royalties. BMW named its new front suspension the Duolever. As of 2009, the Duolever is on the K1300S, K1300R and K1300GT.

The official BMW Motorrad explanation of the duolever is:

The Duolever front wheel suspension is kinematically regarded as a square joint, in which two trailing links made of forged steel are attached via rolling bearings to the frame. These trailing links, which visually resemble a conventional fork, guide the extremely torsionally rigid wheel carrier made of aluminium permanent mold casting. A central strut, which adjusts the suspension and damping, is linked to the lower of the two trailing links, and rests against the frame.

A trapezoidal shear joint mounted to the control head and the wheel carrier is coupled with the handlebar. This shear joint transmits the steering movements. Thus, the Duolever design in contrast to the telefork does not need sliding and fixed tubes. At the same time, it decouples the steering as well as the damping more consistently than the proven telelever.

The advantage of this front wheel suspension on the motorcycle market at present is its torsional rigidity. The BMW Motorrad Duolever front wheel suspension is not influenced by negative forces in the same manner as a conventional telefork whose fixed and take-off tubes twist laterally as well as longitudinally during jounce/rebound and steering. Its two trailing links absorb the forces resulting from the jounce/rebound and keep the wheel carrier stable. Thus, any torsioning is excluded and the front wheel suspension is very precise. The steering commands of the rider are converted directly and the feedback from the front wheel is transparent in all driving conditions.

A kinematical anti-dive effect is additionally achieved, just as for the Telelever, due to the arrangement of the trailing link bearings. While a conventional telefork during strong braking manoeuvres jounces heavily or locks, the Duolever still has sufficient spring travel remaining in this situation and therefore the rider can still brake into the corner extremely late yet directionally stable.

The obstacle-avoidance manoeuvre of the front wheel when riding over uneven surfaces can be converted with the Duolever similar to the behaviour of a telefork. In connection with the low unsprung masses and the small breakaway forces of the system, this results in more sensitive and comfortable response characteristics.

Restoration

This section does not cite any references or sources.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009)

Admirers of vintage BMW motorcycles are growing rapidly in number. As time marches on, that which BMW enthusiasts consider “vintage” is amended. Pre-war BMWs are the most coveted, as demonstrated during the Gooding & Company auction in California in October 2006, when a 1925 BMW R32 sold for $77,000.[citation needed]

An R60/2 undergoing a frame-up concours restoration

A concours R50/2 goes on the stage at MidAmerica Auctions in Las Vegas in 2007

Plunger-frame models from the 1950s are the next most coveted, and then “Slash-2″ variants from 1955 to 1969. In recent years, the “Slash-5″ models from the 1970 to the 1973 model years have begun to join that exclusive club. Prices for historic BMW models have been rising quickly, fed in part by motorcycle auctions such as the massive Mid-America Auction held each January in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Opinions as to the treatment of vintage motorcycle varies according to their condition and their owners’ tastes. First preference tends to be for preserving the original machine if it is in reasonably good condition. Second preference is to do limited restoration, maintaining as much of the original fabric as possible. Third, when dealing with a machine in poor condition, is so-called frame-up restoration. In the latter case, the motorcycle is completely disassembled and each individual part is refurbished, and then the motorcycle is reassembled hewing as much as possible to the original design, but sometimes using modern replacement parts, such as stainless steel, or plating parts that were originally not plated. At the extreme end of restoration is the “concours” restoration in which only original parts are used and work is done with an obsession for originality in every minor detail. Unlike many other motorcycle brands, parts for vintage BMWs, though expensive, are obtainable from sources in Germany and the United States.

There are several professional BMW motorcycle restorers at work in North America and Europe. Two American membership organizations, Vintage BMW Motorcycle Owners and the BMW Veteran Motorcycle Club of America are dedicated to the preservation of vintage BMW motorcycles.

BMW C1 scooter

Main article: BMW C1

The BMW C1 is an enclosed scooter produced from 2000 to 2002, with a 124 cc or 176 cc engine.

References

^ “The Origin of the BMW Logo: Fact and Fiction” (PDF)

^ a b Norbye, Jan P. (1984). “The Origins of BMW: From Flying Machines to Driving Machines”. BMW – Bavaria’s Driving Machines. New York, NY, USA: Beekman House. pp. 1417. ISBN 0-517-42464-9. 

^ BM Bikes BMW R32 specifications

^ Harley XA, The Motorcycle Museum

^ BMW R51/3 boxer twin

^ EMW roundel

^ BMW Boxer Twins 1955-1969

^ BMW R69S

^ BM Bikes BMW R100RS Specifications

^ Sport Rider BMW K1200S specifications

^ K1200R Sport

^ “BMW Motorrad unveils new K-Series models – K Series celebrates 25th anniversary with 3 new models!”. BMW Motorrad UK. 7 October 2008. http://www.bmw-motorrad.co.uk/uk/en/individual/news/index.html?id=77. Retrieved 2008-10-22. 

^ a b Omorogbe, Jane (3 April 2008). “Ridden: BMW F800GS and F650GS”. MSN. http://cars.uk.msn.com/reviews/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=147873780. Retrieved 11 November 2009. 

^ “G650GS 2009″. BMW Motorrad USA. http://www.bmwmotorcycles.com/bikes/bike.jsp?b=2009g650gs&bikeSection=enduro. Retrieved 2008-12-17. 

^ Scoop BMW press release

^ Carroll, Michael (2008-04-16). “BMW officially unveils World Superbike contender”. Motorcycle News. http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/mcn/2008/april/14-20/apr1608bmwoficiallyunveilsworldsuperbikecontender/. Retrieved 2008-04-17. 

^ “BMW buys Husqvarna”. Motorcycle News. 20 July 2007. http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/mcn/2007/July/july16-22/jul2007bmwbuyshusqvarna/?&R=EPI-92852. Retrieved 2007-08-27. 

^ “BMW Motorrad acquires Husqvarna Motorcycles”. American Motorcyclist Association. 20 July 2007. http://www.ama-cycle.org/news/2007/bmwhusky.asp. Retrieved 2007-08-27. 

^ Richard Backus (May/June 2009). “1989-1993 BMW K1″. Motorcycle Classics. http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/motorcycle-reviews/1989-1993-BMW-K1.aspx. Retrieved 2009-08-04. 

^ BMW BMW technology site

^ BMW Motorrad Deutschland

^ BMW Motorcycles: Bikes: F 650 GS

^ BMW Motorrad International

^ http://www.bmw-motorrad.co.uk/com/en/services/techniquedetail/lexicon_view/duolever.html

Further reading

Holmstrom, Darwin; Nelson, Brian J. (June 2002). BMW Motorcycles. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 9780760310984. 

Ash, Kevin (May 2006). BMW Motorcycles: The Evolution of Excellence. Whitehorse Press. ISBN 9781884313578. 

Falloon, Ian (November 2003). The BMW story: production and racing motorcycles from 1923 to the present day. Sparkford, England: Haynes Publishing. ISBN 9781859608548. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: BMW motorcycles

BMW Motorrad worldwide homepage

BMW motorcycles at the Open Directory Project

v  d  e

BMW Motorcycles

F & G Series

F650 & F650GS (single)  F650CS  F650GS (twin) & F800GS  F800R  F800S

K Series

K1  K75  K100  K1200GT  K1200R  K1300R

R Series

R27  R32  R51/3  R60/2  R65  R69S  R75  R50/5, R60/5 & R75/5  R80G/S  R90S  R1100GS  R1150GS  R1200C   R1200GS  R1200R   R1200RT

Other Bikes

S1000RR  GS family  C1

Misc

247 engine  BMW Motorcycle Owners of America  History of BMW motorcycles  Husqvarna Motorcycles

Categories: BMWHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 | All articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 | Articles needing additional references from May 2009 | All articles needing additional references
About the Author

I am China Crafts Suppliers writer, reports some information about surf skate wear , inspirational tee shirts.

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Recently we spent the day revisiting the Kennedy Space Center. Now having lived in Florida for over 20 years I’ve been to the Kennedy Space Center a few times, not too many but a few.

One of my fondest memories of a trip to the Space Center is the first time I ever tasted Space Dots, they’re called Dippin Dots in the rest of the world but here on Kennedy that’s the name they go by, tho’ it can’t the only place. I think the first flavor I had was mint chocolate, it was very good. They have been dubbed the “Coldest ice cream of the word” because they are made using Cryogenic technology, think people freezing themselves to be thawed at a later date, they come out of this process extremely frozen and pearl shaped, which makes for a lump in your mouth as they melt there. I’ve since found out that Space dots technology comes from India and that this style of ice cream is only available in select countries so if you ever get a chance to taste this unique twist on ice cream, treat yourself its quite an experience.

When you come to visitor the historical site at the Kennedy Space Center Visitors Complex there are three guided tours you can take, you can also wander around a your leisure. I recommend you do both take one of the tours and then walk around on your own. But if you’re wondering how to visit Kennedy Space Center? The first tour choice is the NASA Up-Close tour here you get the chance to tour NASA’s launch and landing facilities. As you tour you’ll find out where the space shuttle is assembled and launched, see how it lands and see where the astronaut crews prepare and train. This guided tour takes you through NASA’s Space Shuttle program. I’ve been on the beach as a shuttle is launching and it’s spectacular, what’s really great is that after you’ve taken the NASA Up-Close tour you’ve seen and really appreciate just how much goes go into get one of those things off the ground and back again.

The next tour, the only free one, is the Kennedy Space Center Tour. You get to tour the International Space Station Center, LC 39 Observation Gantry, and the Apollo/Saturn V Center. Keep in mind when you make plans to go to visit the Kennedy Space Center that it is a working space launch facility, check tour schedules to make sure they are running, sometimes they get changed due to ‘operational requirements’.

The last is a guided tour the NASA and Cape Canaveral: Then & Now, as the name suggests, is a look back at the glory days of the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs. You get to see the Apollo Launch Pad 34, which was the site of the tragic Apollo 1 fire. You also get to relive the launch of America’s first satellite when you tour the Air Force Space & Missile Museum and see where Alan Shepard lifted off on America’s first human spaceflight.

At the Space Center you can walk around outside at your leisure and see the rockets on display, they call it the rocket garden which is pretty funny considering how tall these things are. Now when I say you get to tour them I mean you can crawl into some of them and take a picture, believe me I have more that a few shots of me hanging out of one space capsule or another.

Columbia was the first Space Shuttle mission and it took off on April 12, 1981. The Kennedy Space Center’s two launch pads and there have been over 100 launches from them. Having lived on the space coast since the first shuttled you’d think I’d be over it by now and not care any more but I’ll tell you when they launch a shuttle the Space Coast stops, people pull over on bridges, come out of office buildings and vacate stores and that’s just the Cape Canaveral locals. Finally thanks to the Shuttle Launch Experience now open at the Kennedy Space Center we get a chance to feel what it’s like to be on one of those bad boys and let me just say, it’s thrilling. The countdown starts the fuel ignites, the seats shake and off we go, this is a ‘must do’ when you visit.

Another spectacular thing at the Space Center is their fabulous IMAX movie theater. Two five-story screens and realistic 3-D special effects make spaceflight come alive. They have actual footage shot by astronauts during actual missions, I’ve seen several movies there and you do feel like you could reach out and touch whatever it is you’re watching. They change the movies out so even if you visit more than once it’s doubtful you’ll see the same one twice.

They also have interactive simulators that make it all feel real too and the Astronaut Training Experience let’s you spend a day or a half day going through the training an actual Astronaut would endure; this is a special favorite of the kids, but the whole family can do it together.

They are always having special ceremonies there or dedicating something, no matter if there is something special going on or not do yourself a favor if you ever even get close to the Space Coast make plans to come see the Kennedy Space Center. I’ve been there half a dozen times and can’t wait to go back, it’s like watching a favorite movie for the umpteenth time, you always see something you didn’t see before.

About the Author

If you visit the Kennedy Space Center on the right day you might even get to meet a real live astronaut or watch and actual launch so check the up to date Cape Canaveral Launch Schedule where you’ll be able to see the time and date of the next space shuttle or rocket launch.

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Are you aiming for more business through promotion of your products? Efficient kit assemblies and product assemblies are a great way to kick start promotional product sale. If your kits are aimed at increasing sales, be sure to pack them very well. Packed kits with a dash of vibrance and style are sure to attract high bidding customers and send you your sales skyrocketing.

Promotional Product Services worth Trying

There are a whole lot of services which pick and pack companies specialize in for promotion of products. These include kit assembly and product assemblylines. Kit assembly involves repacking, sorting, kit collation and more. Catalogue handling, brochure packing, magazine packing in product assembly again incorporates repacking into multiple, single or pallet delivery consignments.

Other services of reputed firms include displaying packs, price tag and labeling the price of products. Packing is a big job and kit assemblies are even bigger and more time consuming. That’s why it’s wise to allow the professionals to do the job. Their efficiency, ability to follow instruction and dedication is what makes assembling a piece of cake.

High Quality Kit Assembly Infrastructure

Kit assembly process should ideally be well organized A huge organization may store their stuff at packing service provider warehouses. Kit assembly demands speed and extra efficiency. That’s the reason why trained staff with hands full of experience work round the clock to ensure timely kit packing. In addition to this, there are special requirements for each product that need to be adhered to while packing and high end machines to be operated in case products are not hand packed. Hence, there is need for superb infrastructure of the packing service provider.

Which Solution Will You Choose?

When you choose your pick and pack service provider ensure that they are well known in their domain. Their stand in the market is a good indicator of what to expect. Check out the client lists and see samples of their properly packed promotional products. The outer pack is not solely for attraction rather, it ought to convince customers that the product concealed within the packing shell is worth it. Moreover, your customers need to feel that the product bought classifies as value for money. Promotional Product collation may be delivered directly to clubs, pubs, and retail distribution centers according to your choice.

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In world of warcraft there is only one king of DPS, and that king is the Rogue. The ability of the Rogue to get in, do some devastating damage and then quickly get out of situations makes it in my opinion, the most specialized character class in the world of warcraft. Despite it’s limitations to cloth and leather armor and no healing abilities, the Rogue can do DPS damage like no other class. The Rogues’ ninja like stealth enables it to attack using it’s disengages, interrupts and stuns with such DPS that the attacked foe never has a chance to respond to the threat. No class can do everything and the Rogue is no exception. The Rogues job is stealth and fast attacks, so unless it’s in melee battle it pretty much
is a scout or surveyer. As a hole, the Rogue is played as either a very defensive or a very offensive class.

WOW Rogue Leveling & Quest Guide

Lets take a look at the race’s available to the Rogue:

If your a serious player pay close attention as to which race you choose to play a Rogue. Each race will benefit the Rogue differently, so take some time and see which one is to your liking.

For the Alliance:

The Lockpicking skills of the Rogue works quite well with the Find Treasure abilities of the dwarf race. The dwarves Mace Specialization will help, providing you use of a mace. The dwarf races Stoneform gives the Rogue help against bleeds, diseases and poisons.
Gnome’s possess Engineering which may be used to create some neat items to help the Rogue, they also have Escape Artist which will obviously be a plus.
The human race is good for most classes but doesn’t do much for the Rogue. Their Sword and Mace ability is not really the Rogue’s style, but their Diplomacy and Every Man for Himself skills give some help.
The night elf race brings another disappearing skill to the Rogue using Shadowmeld and adds +1% to the Rogues ability to dodge which is nice.

On the Horde side:

As a blood elf, the Rogue will be able to use Arcane Torrent and will acquire Magic Resistance which the Rogue will find very helpful.
The orcs Hardness is a great help to a Rogues defenses and Blood Fury makes the Rogues all ready awesome DPS even better.
The troll may not sound like a great race for a Rogue, but it will give the Rogue
Regeneration allowing health recovery. Also Da Voodoo Shuffle helps to keep the Rogue from being restrained by foe’s. Berserker will give the Rogue even more damage dealing abilities.
The undead race allows you to heal yourself using Cannibalize and if you play in PVP, Will of the Forsaken will be very effective.

As a new Rogue your main attack is Sinister Strike which you will use teamed up with Throw and Eviscerate. After you get some gold, you may want to purchase the Stealth skill.

At level 4 Backstab and Pick Pocket become available, be sure to learn to use these right away but don’t use them exclusively, Sinister Strike, Throw and Eviscerate will still be very effective to the Rogue.

At level 6 be sure to raise Sinister Strike to rank 2 and consider using it along with the new Gouge attack. Continue to use Eviscerate primarily to finish off your enemies.

At level 8 be sure to raise Eviscerate to rank 2 and learn Evasion to help you get out of tricky situations.

At level 10 you will have to start making some choices on which specialization you wish to pursue. Don’t just use your talent point’s for what seems good right now, plan on using them for what you want your Rogue to be down the road. By the time you reach level 17 you should have your Rogue set up in the direction you want to specialize in.

Rogue Quest Guide

After you have gotten these basics down you will be able to expand your Rogues abilities based on your chosen talent specialization, craft your Rogue into a formidable character that you will enjoy playing for a long time.

Thanks and Happy Gaming

About the Author

Hello everyone.
My name is Paul Burkhardt
I started writing as a hobby about a year ago and have enjoyed it right from the start. I also am learning how to build websites and find it to be very interesting. Check out my lattest.

World of Warcraft Strategy Guide

World of Warcraft Leveling Guide

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by Dr. Jeffrey Lant

Author’s program note. To get into the right  frame of mind for this article, search any search engine for the music and lyrics to “Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines” (released 1965, music by Ron Goodwin). Prepare to be aroused as one of the great stories of our lives soars…

For most of us the  space age has a quite specific commencement — October 4, 1957. That was the launch date of the world’s first artificial satellite Sputnik I. I was there. Like every single American, my concerned, curious parents herded my brother and me into the backyard of our suburban Illinois home… as we saw our sense of security destroyed by a 184.3 pound device called a Sputnik. In my mind’s eye, I remember the event with complete clarity; I seem to remember, too, that it made a beeping sound… but that may not be so.

What was so was that all the verities of the heartland ended for a generation right then and there.

“Better Red than dead,” people said. Was that our new reality? We started to look for Russkies under the bed…

Eisenhower blinked.

Sputnik spooked us at the moment of our greatest power; we thought we were the only game in town… Sputnik was a jolting wake-up call which President Eisenhower, old and full of  honors, missed. A restless Senator John F. Kennedy did not. It was Kennedy who read the thoroughly aroused and anxious public mood better… and in due course made him President of the United States, an office Ike, who established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (October 1, 1958), felt Kennedy unqualified to hold. Maybe so… but Kennedy is rightly seen as the man who galvanized America’s fears and turned them into the fuel for conquering space — and giving us back our lost security.

We had to conquer space… and that meant having a space station and the means to get back and forth to them. From the moment Sputnik flew, 1440 orbits of Earth in only 3 months, the shuttle program was a given. And we put all the king’s horses and all the king’s men to work on it. The result was the launch of Explorer I (officially Satellite 1958), January 31, 1958. It was the U.S.’s first earth satellite. It was rushed to launch so fast that its tape data recorder was not modified in time to make it onto the satellite. Nonetheless, the nation breathed a sigh of relief… we were back in the game.

Project Mercury followed and the grand era of magnificent men in their flying machines….men whose names the nation knew and whose pictures could be found in every schoolroom of a grateful America… astronaut Alan Shepard (first American in space May 5, 1961)… astronaut John Glenn (first American to orbit the Earth, February 20, 1961)… and all the others… culminating in that never-to-be-forgotten day of American pride,  July 20, 1969 when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked the lunar landscape while Michael Collins orbited above.

These were truly the up, up and away days! We were late to the space game, but having started we approached the matter with characteristic energy, imagination and determination, a great people committed to a great goal.

The first shuttle launch, February 15, 1977.

The shuttle program was our way of saying that our connection with space was a permanent one, that we’d be going back and forth as part of our preparation for ever grander explorations. And so…

2/15/77, OV-101, Enterprise (yes, it was named after the television series), performed its first (taxi) test flight as part of the shuttle program. It never flew in space and was cannibalized for parts.

Then April 12, 1981, OV-102, Columbia, blasted into orbit, becoming the first successful space flight in the space shuttle program. (STS-1, Space Transportation System.) It returned on April 14, 1981, after orbiting Earth 36 times. Columbia carried just two crew members: Apollo veteran John W. Young and rookie pilot Robert L. Crippen.

August 30, 1984, OV-103, Discovery, was first flown on mission STS-41-D, launching two communications satellites and becoming the third operational NASA orbital shuttle following Columbia and Challenger.

But tragedy lay dead ahead.

We must never forget that at the core of the shuttle program was danger. Good men and women, dedicated, our nation’s finest, always understood that death was always a possibility. That no matter how often the system was tested; no matter how many experts signed off on the matter, catastrophe was always a real possibility.  They all accepted that as part of the adventure, the great game, the cost of doing business.

January 28, 1986, STS-51-L Challenger, a nation shocked, a nation mourns.

This was supposed to be another day of American triumph; instead,  with the disintegration of the Challenger over the Atlantic Ocean it became a signature day of national mourning.

These 7 crew members gave their lives:

Francis (Dick) Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Judith A. Resnik, Ronald E. McNair,  Ellison S. Onizuka, Gregory Jarvis, and Christa McAuliffe; the plucky teacher who meant to teach the world’s school children about space and instead taught them all about the shortness of life and the costs of commitment. That day the nation was reminded of the terrible costs that may come when frontiers are challenged. That day, too, the nation was fortunate in its president; Ronald Reagan’s decency and empathy were notable. We were all grateful for that.

975 days later, September 29, 1988, STS-26 Discovery launched with five crew members into space, always beckoning, always challenging, with so very much more to discover, study and know.

On February 1, 2003, tragedy struck again and again it was brought home to the nation that the costs of “conquering” space included periodic tragedy as it did this day when STS-107 came to an abrupt and tragic conclusion. Seven crew members died…

Rick D. Husband, William C. McCool, Michael P. Anderson, Ilan Ramon, Kalpana Chawla, David M. Brown, Laurel Clark.

And again the shuttle flew. It was the American way.

Now, however, changing budget priorities have done what no great tragedies succeeded in doing. Thus the shuttle, after just a few more flights, will end, thirty years and 133 missions later. Is this the last word on the matter? For the shuttle, probably; but for space? As long as one child looks up and wonders what there is in the great beyond, determined to find out, this story will never end…

Readers: for a thorough bibliography on the history of the space shuttle, search for “Toward a History of the Space Shuttle: An Annotated Bibliography ” compiled by Roger D. Launius and Aaron G. Gillette.

About the Author

About the Author

Harvard-educated Dr. Jeffrey Lant is CEO of Worldprofit, Inc., providing a wide range of online services for small and-home based businesses. Dr. Lant is also the author of 18 best-selling business books. Republished with author’s permission by Marilyn Sanders http://HomeBizHarmony.comhttp://HomeBizHarmony.com”>http://HomeBizHarmony.com. Check out Commission Maniac ->  http://www.HomeBizHarmony.com/?rd=cl8Gw1nN

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